innate immune system: the no man’s land where discover new biomarkers for gluten-related-disorders.

celiac disease (cd) is now considered a multiple and systemic immune-mediate disorder triggered by the ingestion of wheat gluten and related proteins. following the discovery of a link between gluten and cd, it was demonstrated that gliadin, one of the two principal protein groups comprising gluten, plays a key role in cd. it has since become clear that the different and crucial roles of gliadin in cd result from its ability to activate multiple signaling pathways that modulate cd pathology. most of these pathways involve the host innate and adaptive immune responses, but some pathways are activated when gliadin interacts with the intestinal cellular compartment. it is also evidence that a common “wooden horse” of cd and  non-celiac gluten sensitivity (ncgs)  is the ingestion of gluten and related toxic peptides. this review cover the current knowledge of immunological and inflammatory process involved in gluten related disorders, in an attempt to track down a marker in the “no man's land” of ncgs biomarkers.